Electron donating groups list In cases where the subtituents is esters or amides, they are less activating because they form resonance structure that pull the electron density away from the ring. on Withdrawing Groups. EDG include amines, alcohols, ethers, amides, alkyl groups and aryl groups. Nitro group (-NO2): The highly electronegative oxygen atoms in the nitro group strongly pull electrons away. EDG electron donating group electron releasing group electron withdrawing group ERG EWG hammett constant meta-directing group para-directing group The tert -butyl carbocation is more stable than the methyl carbocation because methyl groups release electron density via inductive effects or hyperconjugation. In this case, the inductive effects pushes electron density onto the carboxylate anion, producing a destabilizing effect, decreasing the acidity of the carboxylic acid. In contrast, electron-withdrawing groups decrease the reactivity of nucleophiles. However, when the pre-existing substituent is a π-acceptor, both experiment and calculation indicate that substantial amounts of ortho as well as meta substitution occur, with very little para reactivity. Resonance effects arise from the delocalization of the nitrogen lone pair electrons into a pi bond with a neighboring atom. Donating Inductive Effects Alkyl groups (hydrocarbons) are inductively electron-donating. Specific example: nitration of trifluoromethylbenzene gives the meta product in about 90% yield. It is therefore Nov 19, 2013 · These spectra allowed the explanation of shifts in HOMO and LUMO states in context with Electron Donating Groups and Electron Withdrawing Groups. Electron withdrawing groups make it more difficult to introduce new groups onto the ring. The position of the added group is mostly determined by electronics. Any group that adds electron density to the aromatic ring is referred to as an electron-donating group (EDG). B: Show all working A chemical formula that shows the actual number and kinds of atom present in one molecule of a compound is called A The same idea applies when electron-withdrawing and -donating groups are incorporated into R: the electron density on P is low when R contains electron-withdrawing groups and high when R contains electron-donating groups. Aug 30, 2017 · The Diels-Alder reaction is faster when there is an electron-withdrawing group on the pi bond (“dienophile”) and electron donating groups on the diene. We have seen that most reactions of aromatic compounds involve electrophilic substitutions because the π electrons make the aromatic ring electron-rich and therefore, nucleophilic. Because Lewis acid-base reactions involve electron donation and acceptance at particular sites, substituent groups which alter the electron density at a site through inductively donating or withdrawing electron density will affect the Lewis acid-base properties of that site. These through-space effects are referred to as field effects. Common examples of electron-donating ligands include amines, phosphines, and alkyl groups, each providing distinct stabilization to the metal complex. At the top of the list, we have the electron-donating groups, and notice that, except for the alkyl groups, they are all heteroatoms with a lone pair (s). As a general rule: electron-donating groups make the ring more reactive, and direct into the 2- and 4-positions. ” For better understand also read my article on meta directing groups. Examples include: OH, NR2, OR, NHCOR (amides), OCOR (esters), and alkyl groups. Electron donating groups are said to be ortho/para directing and they are activators. Electron Withdrawing and Electron Donating Groups - Free download as PDF File (. Electron-donating resonance effect: Common electron-donating and withdrawing groups: Electron-donating groups: alkyl group or groups with a lone pair bonded to the benzene ring such as N or O atom. Introduction Organic electron donors (OEDs) are neutral, ground state organic molecules that reduce substrates by single electron transfer. Electron withdrawing groups (EWG) remove electron density from a system and tend to stabilize anions or electron rich structures. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. These include alkyl groups (at both the meta and para positions), para alkoxy groups, and p-amino groups. Organic chemistry 2 Electron Withdrawing Groups and Electron Donating groups and their rankings Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. Find important definitions, questions, meanings, examples Substituent effects in electrophilic aromatic substitution influence the reactivity and orientation of the reaction. An electron-donating group is a functional group or substituent in a molecule that has the ability to donate or share its electrons with other atoms or groups, typically to stabilize a positive charge or increase the electron density in a specific region of the molecule. Electron density can be added through resonance or hyperconjugation (Figure 10. [1] It is present in a σ (sigma) bond, unlike the electromeric effect which is present in a π (pi) bond. The strength On the other hand, electron donating groups (groups which tend to increase the electron density near the reaction site) disfavor the ionization to a negatively charged ion and have K/Ko<1. [1] This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects. Examples of electron-donating groups include -OH, -NH2, and -CH3. Addition-elimination reactions with esters are (much) faster than with amides. Introduction 英文名称 electron-donating group 又称 供电子基团 1. Activating groups increase the rate Deactivating groups decrease the rate EDG = electron donating group EDG can be recognised by lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the p system, eg: -OMe except - R, -Ar or -vinyl (hyperconjugation, p electrons) EWG = electron withdrawing group Figure \ (\PageIndex {2}\): Electrostatic potential maps of benzene and several substituted benzenes show that an electron-withdrawing group (–CHO or –Cl) makes the ring more electron-poor, while an electron-donating group (–OH) makes the ring more electron-rich. The enhanced performance is attributed to stronger electronic interactions and improved charge transfer capabilities facilitated by the electron-donating properties of NH₂bdc. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like most important chart, EWG (electron withdrawing group), EDG (electron donating groups) and more. Which is an electron withdrawing group? The ethyl group is an electron-donating group, which increases the electron density on the nitrogen atom in ethyl amine, making it more available to donate a lone pair of electrons to accept a proton (H⁺). Ortho, Meta and Para refer to the 1-2, 1-3, and 1-4 relationships between benzene substituents. Electron Withdrawing Groups deactivate the ring for meta addition. In ethyl chloride, Cl is said to have an electron withdrawing –I effect. Activating groups increase the rate Deactivating groups decrease the rate EDG = electron donating group EDG can be recognised by lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the p system, eg: -OMe except - R, -Ar or -vinyl (hyperconjugation, p electrons) EWG = electron withdrawing group How to determine Position of Substitution and Electron Donating or Withdrawing Groups for Benzene Substituents by Maverick Puah the Chemistry Guru. Electron donating groups (EDGs) activate the ring and direct new substituents to ortho and para positions, while electron withdrawing groups (EWGs) deactivate the ring and direct substitutions to meta positions. The Diels-Alder reaction is favored by electron withdrawing groups on the dienophile and electron donating groups on the diene. There is an almost zero Re effect since the electron withdrawing resonance capacity of the carbonyl group is effectively removed by the delocalisation of the negative charge of the anion: Fig. Jul 12, 2024 · 另外，根据与芳环作用的电子效应和共轭效应，又可以分为EDG（electron donating group）即供电子基团和EWG（electron withdrawing group）即拉电子或吸电子基团。 一般情况下，含有EDG的芳环，在邻对位发生亲电反应；而含有EWG的芳环，在间位发生亲电反应。 Apr 22, 2025 · Electron-withdrawing groups are traditionally considered meta-directing in aromatic substitution reactions. -CF 3, +NR 3) where sigma electrons are drawn away from the arene. Mar 11, 2011 · Since electron-donating groups help to stabilize carbocations, it would make sense to expect that electron-withdrawing groups will destabilize carbocations. Label the group on each structure below as an EDG or EWG & specify whether it is a strong or weak activator/deactivator. These groups stabilize positive charges but destabilize negative charges. Inductive Effects for Other S Groups (14. Electron-donating groups are functional groups or substituents that have the ability to donate or contribute electrons to a molecule, typically a benzene ring or other aromatic system. 7 An Explanation of Substituent Effects Activating and Deactivating Effects What makes a group either activating or deactivating? The common characteristic of all activating groups is that they donate electrons to the ring, thereby making the ring more electron-rich, stabilizing the carbocation intermediate, and lowering the activation energy for its formation. Electron withdrawing groups like halogens, carbonyl, and nitro groups withdraw electron density from aromatic rings and deactivate the rings, making electrophilic substitution more difficult. The interesting cases are the halogens because they have donating lone pairs but are very electron withdrawing due to their electronegativity and why they occupy their own niche in this chemistry. This term is particularly relevant in the context of understanding carbocation stability and nucleophilic addition reactions The H atom is the standard and is regarded as having no effect. -OMe, -NH2) on the atoms adjacent to the π system activate the aromatic ring by increasing the electron density on the ring through a resonance donating effect. 1. Electron withdrawing groups are meta-directors, electron donating are ortho But in this episode, we talked about how:. Deactivating groups are electron- withdrawing groups that decrease nucleophilicity and reactivity either via inductive σ or mesomeric π effects. The electron donating power of a donor molecule is measured by its ionization potential, which is the energy required to remove an electron from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Explore electron withdrawing groups (EWGs) in organic chemistry, their examples, effects on reactivity and stability, and applications in drug design. Common electron-donating groups include alkyl (e. The first group on a benzene ring affects how incoming groups join the ring,. Ligands (and associated metals) in the former class are called electron poor, while those in the latter class are electron rich. Molecular Orbital theory plays an important part in this experiment. For example, the NO2 group or the F atom each withdraw electron density (-I) from any carbon atom to which they are attached while alkyl groups usually act as if they are electron donating (+I). Electron-withdrawing groups: halogens or groups with an atom Y bearing a full (+) or partial (δ +) positive charge bonded to the benzene ring. The +I effect is an electron-donating effect shown by an atom or group of atoms relative to Hydrogen. Electron withdrawing groups (EWGs) are functional groups that pull electron density away from the rest of the molecule. Stronger –I effects intensify acid strength, a key exam topic in JEE and NEET chemistry. Electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) are substituents that pull electron density away from a molecule, typically through resonance or inductive effects. What is the difference between EDG and EWG? Download scientific diagram | List of electron donating group (EDG) and electron withdrawing group (EWG) a from publication: Recent advances of carbonyl olefination via McMurry coupling reaction An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. As we touched on above, electronegative atoms with lone pairs like O, N, and F that are directly attached to a carbocation will actually help to stabilize carbocations through pi-donation. , methyl, ethyl), alkoxy (e. Certain atoms or groups of atoms can add or withdrawal electron density to a system. Jul 11, 2017 · What about other aromatic groups (beyond benzene). 65% N and has a molar mass of 183 g/mol. Jul 7, 2022 · Why are electron donating groups activating? Electron donating groups on a benzene ring are said to be activating, because they increase the rate of the second substitution so that it is higher than that of standard benzene. ) Before we get down and dirty with some Complete the Reaction problems, let’s do some practice with identifying Electron Donating Groups (EDG) and Electron Withdrawing Groups (EWG). Dec 6, 2023 · EDG stands for Electron Donating Group, while EWG stands for Electron-Withdrawing Group. Key Takeaways: EDG= Electron Donating Groups (Add e-density to pi system) o Activating groups: ortho/paradirecting o Recognized by lone pairs on atom adjacent to the ring o -R(alkyl groups), -Ar, -vinylare weakly activating due to hyperconjugation The direction of electron movement—whether toward or away from a substituent group—depends on the nature of the substituent. pdf), Text File (. Therefore, electron-donating groups on the diene increase its reactivity, while electron-withdrawing groups on the dienophile lower the LUMO energy level, thus supporting this electron flow as well. These findings can be applied to other pyridine-based pincer systems when considering ligand design and warrants future characterization of 4-position substituted pyridines. However, some aryl halides with a strong electron-withdrawing substituent (s) on the ring can undergo nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) instead of electrophilic substitution: X here is the leaving group, and the EWG Aug 15, 2024 · Cyclic carbonate solvents have been extensively utilized as cosolvents and/or additives in formulating electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. The Question and answers have been prepared according to the NEET exam syllabus. Feb 9, 2023 · In other words “Electron donating groups in the aromatic ring are called ortho-para directing groups. These groups can have a significant impact on the reactivity, stability, and properties of the molecule. The directing effects of electron donating and withdrawing groups on electrophilic substitution of benzene Henry Armstrong, working at Imperial College in 1890, was the first to categorise substituents (R') on a benzene ring in terms of the effect they had towards electrophilic substitution reactions of the ring. Cyano group (-CN): The Jan 17, 2020 · One type of EDG is the alkyl group. If your question is to understand rather than just learn which groups are electron withdrawing versus donating, then the answer lies in organic mechanisms. 4). 0% C, 7. , dimethylamino) substituents. EDG= Electron Donating Groups (Add e-density to pi system) o Activating groups: ortho/paradirecting o Recognized by lone pairs on atom adjacent to the ring o -R(alkyl groups), -Ar, -vinylare weakly activating due to hyperconjugation The direction of electron movement—whether toward or away from a substituent group—depends on the nature of the substituent. Understanding these directing effects is crucial for predicting reaction outcomes in organic synthesis. Electron-donating ligands can be classified into various categories, including strong field and weak field ligands, based on their ability to influence the electronic structure of the metal center. Feb 19, 2024 · Computational quantum chemical techniques were utilized to systematically examine how electron-donating groups affect the electronic and spectroscopic properties of halogen bond donors and their corresponding complexes. Electron donating groups are alkyl groups, phenyl groups or substituents that have a lone pair of electrons on the atom directly bonded to the ring. In addition, electron-donating groups increase the electron density around the Cu (ii) center based on DFT studies and cyclic voltammetry. Alkyl groups, because of the electrons in their carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds, are weak electron-donating groups, and will stabilize nearby carbocations. Electron A trick for figuring out if a group is electron-donating or electron-withdrawing (except for halogens), and the chemical basis behind the trick. Jun 25, 2025 · Summary Electron withdrawing groups like -NO2, -CF3, and -CN pull electron density away from a molecule due to the high electronegativity of their constituent atoms. Electron-withdrawing groups have significant impacts on fundamental chemical processes such as acid-base reactions, redox potentials, and substitution The H atom is the standard and is regarded as having no effect. Apr 12, 2023 · Electron withdrawing and donating groups list - 56076172Answer: Electron withdrawing groups: Nitro group (-NO2) Carbonyl group (C=O) Carboxylic acid group (-COOH) Cyanide group (-CN) Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) Sulfonic acid group (-SO3H) Phosphoric acid group (-PO3H2) Ester group (-COOR) Electron donating groups: Alkyl groups (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc. Question Description List out the electron donating groups in organic chemistry? for NEET 2025 is part of NEET preparation. Conversely, electron donating groups like -NH2, -OCH3, and -CH3 donate electron density to a molecule, either through resonance (lone pair donation) or inductive effects. (2) Electron withdrawing groups deactivate and direct meta. The non-bonding valence electron pairs that are responsible for the high reactivity of these compounds (blue arrows) are diverted to the adjacent carbonyl group (green arrows). Electron donating groups are generally ortho/para directors for electrophilic aromatic substitutions, while electron withdrawing groups (except the halogens) are generally meta directors. How do electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions on pyrrole, pyridine, naphthalene, or other groups compare? In the next post, we’ll discuss the first question: the effect of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents. Apr 6, 2018 · Answer: Explanation: Alkali group i. For any group that is electron withdrawing, it will be deactivating. In both laboratory and biological organic chemistry, the most relevant nucleophilic atoms are oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and the most common nucleophilic functional groups are water, alcohols, phenols, amines, thiols, and occasionally Electron-donating groups (+I effect) decrease acidity by destabilizing the conjugate base. Have you ever wondered how certain substituents influence the reactivity and stability of molecules? EWGs play a crucial role in this dynamic, pulling electron density away from reactive sites and altering chemical behavior. EDG and EWG are electrophilic aromatic directing groups. txt) or read online for free. Study Tip: Learn to recognise the types of substituents and then break it down into the following : (1) Electron donors activate and direct ortho and para. Electron-donating groups (EDGs) enhance reactivity and direct substitution to … It is due to the fact that, electron donating groups stabilize the radical anion at ortho and meta positions. , group 1 Alkaline earth metals i. Here are some common examples: Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I): Due to their high electronegativity, they draw electron density towards themselves. Their effects on reactivity, resonance, and molecular properties are key to understanding their significance. Since the electrons locatinn transfer between the ortho and para carbons, then the electrophile prefer attacking the carbon that has the free electron. Electron-donating groups (EDGs) push electrons towards the pi system, enhancing electron density and stabilizing the system through a positive mesomeric effect (+M). Organic Electron Donors Background Organic reactions with electron transfers Common electron donor reagents and reduction potentials Alkyl groups are weakly ring-activating groups, as their electron-donating ability stems only from weak inductive effects. An organic compound contains 59. -Me) where sigma electrons are pushed toward the arene or electron withdrawing (e. Because F pulls electrons toward itself, and positively polarizes the C to which it is bonded, it is called an inductive electron Jun 3, 2024 · The terms EDG and EWG are used in organic chemistry to describe how a substituent (an atom or group of atoms) affects the electron density around a molecule. 4 O O Ar List three examples each of electron withdrawing groups and electron donating groups. They activate aromatic rings toward electrophilic substitution and typically direct substituents to ortho/para positions. The aromatic ring is the electrophile and the added group is the nucleophile. The effects are also important in other reactions and properties (e. Read "the art of writing reasonable organic reaction mechanisms" and the underlying logic of this and other facets of organic chemistry will become much clearer. Alkyl groups donate electron density through hyperconjugation. they deactivate but direct ortho and para. Electron-donating groups are usually activating and ortho-para directing,. Substituents with heteroatoms connected to the aromatic ring are significantly more ring-activating than alkyl groups, because resonance electron-donating effects are possible. Examples include: COR, NO2, CN, CONH2, and NH3. By looking at the mechanism above, we can see how electron donating groups direct electrophilic substitution to the ortho and para positions. * The above product can be hydrolyzed to β,γ-unsaturated ketone in presence of mild acid. With the electron yet to be discovered, he attributed this to to a polarizable Inductive effect In organic chemistry, the inductive effect in a molecule is a local change in the electron density due to electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups elsewhere in the molecule, resulting in a permanent dipole in a bond. Herein, by focusing on the substituted functional What is a nucleophile? Nucleophilic functional groups are those which have electron-rich atoms able to donate a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. Key Takeaways: Nov 8, 2023 · Ortho para directors are electron donating groups on benzene that direct the electrophile E to the ortho- (1,2) and para- (1,4) positions. A simplified approach to understanding substituent effects is provided, based on the " isolated molecule approach ". acidity of the substituted benzoic acids). Thus, the substituents or functional groups can be classified as electron-withdrawing (–I) and electron-donating (+I) groups relative to hydrogen. For example, the nitrogen of an amide is a stronger electron-donating group than the oxygen of an ester. Activating groups increase the rate Deactivating groups decrease the rate EDG = electron donating group EDG can be recognised by lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the π system, eg: -OCH 3 except - R, -Ar or -vinyl (hyperconjugation, π electrons) EWG = electron withdrawing group Substituents and their Directing Effects in EAS Reactions Electron donating groups (D) direct the reaction to the ortho- or para-position, which means the electrophile substitutes for the hydrogen on carbon 2 or carbon 4 relative to the donating group. electron-withdrawing groups make the ring less reactive, and direct into the 3-position. Sep 13, 2025 · Electron donating groups (EDGs) push electron density toward the rest of the molecule by resonance (+R / +M) and/or by the inductive effect (+I). In this article, you’ll dive into the fascinating world of Therefore, in EAS reactions electron-donating groups are referred to as Activating Groups, and a benzene with one of the electron-donating groups shown in the table above will perform an EAS reaction faster than benzene alone. What is its molecular formula? (Take C = 12, O = 16, H = 1, N = 14) N. . EDG stands for the electron-donating group, while EWG stands for the electron-withdrawing group. These too can be either electron donating electron donating (e. Good Dienophiles: This is due to the carbocation nature of the intermediate, which is stabilized by electron-donating groups and destabilized by electron-withdrawing groups. e. The presence of an EDG in a molecule can have several effects on its properties. EDG= Electron Donating Groups (Add e-density to pi system) o Activating groups: ortho/paradirecting o Recognized by lone pairs on atom adjacent to the ring o -R(alkyl groups), -Ar, -vinylare weakly activating due to hyperconjugation Activating groups are electron- donating groups that increase nucleophilicity and reactivity of an aromatic ring, usually through mesomeric π effects (resonance). We explain here what it means and what are the specific examples. (3) Except halogens. Lastly, if an electron donating group is attached to aromatic ring, as in p -methoxyphenol, the phenoxide ion is destabilized which causes a decrease in acidity in the corresponding phenol. The strength of an electron-donating group is influenced by its ability to delocalize electrons and the inductive effect it exerts on the molecule. Sep 26, 2017 · What are activating and deactivating groups in organic chemistry? Here we explain these terms, provide a list of activating & deactivating groups, and more! Resonance and electronegativity. EWG remove electron density from the π system making it less nucleophilic. Table of Contents Chemists Unanimously Agree: The Diels-Alder Reaction Is Awesome The Diels-Alder Reaction Don’t Be Underwhelmed! The Basic Pattern of the Diels-Alder Reaction Electron donating groups such as amino, alkoxy, and hydroxyl substituents release electron density into aromatic rings and strongly activate the rings for electrophilic aromatic substitution. Reactivity of the Dienophile As we just mentioned above, electron-withdrawing groups increase the reactivity of the dienophile. , methoxy, ethoxy), and amino (e. For electron-donating groups the stronger the electron-donation, the slower the reaction. These groups are functional groups that can influence the behavior of a molecule by donating or withdrawing electrons. 2B) Substituent groups can be electron withdrawing or electron donating. In the following diagram we see that electron donating substituents (blue dipoles) activate the benzene ring toward electrophilic attack, and electron withdrawing substituents (red dipoles) deactivate the ring (make it less reactive to electrophilic attack). Unlike the majority of studies on halogen bonding, where electron-withdrawing groups are utilized, this work investigates the influence of electron-donating substituents within In addition, electron-donating groups increase the electron density around the Cu (ii) center based on DFT studies and cyclic voltammetry. Electron-withdrawing groups are usually deactivating and meta directing, and We can draw resonance structures that show us which positions will be A positively charged species such as a carbocation is electron-poor, and thus anything which donates electron density to the center of electron poverty will help to stabilize it. ) Amino group (-NH2) Hydroxyl group (-OH Apr 5, 2023 · EDG Stands for the Electron Donating Group, which is a functional group that donates electrons to a molecule, making it more reactive and nucleophilic. Conversely, the common Aug 25, 2009 · Electron donating groups generally have a lone pair on the atom directly bonded to the aromatic ring. Jan 29, 2018 · Examples of meta – directors include nitriles, carbonyl compounds (such as aldehydes, ketones, and esters), sulfones, electron-deficient alkyl groups, nitro groups, and alkylammoniums. Nov 8, 2023 · Ortho para directors are electron donating groups on benzene that direct the electrophile E to the ortho- (1,2) and para- (1,4) positions. g. For example,Friedal-Craftsalkylation will not occur on a ring if there is a strongelectronwithdrawing group, such as NO2. There are other type of groups which exert electron releasing +I effect. Illustrated Glossary of Organic Chemistry Electron withdrawing group (EWG): An atom or group that draws electron density from neighboring atoms towards itself, usually by resonance or inductive effects. Oct 28, 2018 · Visit the post for more. A simple perturbative MO argument rationalizes this finding. Electron donating groups (EDG) with lone pairs (e. A methyl group or any alkyl group is a slight EDG (Electron Donating Group) and slightly activates the ring making it a better nucleophile and speed any EAS reaction with it. We’ll talk about activating and deactivating groups. 15, 16 and 17 (halogen group) are the groups which are electron withdrawing groups. Lengthening the alkyl chain of a carboxylic acid can increase this inductive effect but it no longer decreases the acidity further after To avoid ambiguity, for the electron-donating and withdrawing notion, the strength is generally in reference to hydrogen. Apr 22, 2025 · Electron-withdrawing groups are traditionally considered meta-directing in aromatic substitution reactions. Alkyl groups are weakly ring-activating groups, as their electron-donating ability stems only from weak inductive effects. , group 2 and group 13 《《《 electron donating group 》》》 Group no. The H atom is the standard and is regarded as having no effect. The following diagram illustrates how the acetyl group acts to attenuate the overall electron donating character of oxygen and nitrogen. The same idea applies when electron-withdrawing and -donating groups are incorporated into R: the electron density on P is low when R contains electron-withdrawing groups and high when R contains electron-donating groups. o A strong electron withdrawing group can deactivatethering to the point where some reactions do not happen. Similar to the inductive effect, when an electron-donating group or atom is connected to the terminal carbon atom of a carbon chain, the negative charge is passed in the carbon chain, as illustrated in the diagram. Information about List out the electron donating groups in organic chemistry? covers all topics & solutions for NEET 2025 Exam. Inductive Donator - On the other hand a -CH 3 donates electron density because of hyperconjugation and the polarity of the (3) C-H bonds. Aug 31, 2018 · The key difference between EDG and EWG is that the EDG (stands for Electron Donating Groups) can increase the electron density of a conjugated pi system whereas the EWG (stands for Electron Withdrawing Groups) decreases the electron density of a conjugated pi system. These groups can significantly influence the reactivity and stability of various organic compounds, particularly those containing benzene rings, during reactions like sigmatropic rearrangements or when assessing the basicity of amines. 13, the ring is more positive (yellow-green) when an electron-withdrawing group such as –CHO or –Cl is present and more negative (red) when an electron-donating group such as –OH is present. It is therefore By looking at the mechanism above, we can see how groups donating electron direct the ortho, para electrophilic substition. 20% O, and 7. A methyl group is an electron donor. In Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution reactions, O/M/P directing effects help us figure out where to place the incoming electrophile. What makes a group either activating or deactivating? The common characteristic of all activating groups is that they donate electrons to the ring, ther Jun 14, 2025 · Electron withdrawing groups (EWGs) are crucial in understanding organic reaction mechanisms, especially for NEET, JEE, and CBSE Class 11-12 students. The other type of EDG is an oxygen or nitrogen atom with a lone pair. 15% H, 26. Ortho, para directing groups are electron-donating groups; meta directing groups are electron-withdrawing groups. The position of the added group is mostly determined by the location of a leaving group. Thus, the nitro group is a meta directing group. Electron donating groups on the aromatic group increase reactivity The aromatic ring is the nucleophile and the added group is the electrophile. Electron donating groups are functional groups that push electron density into a conjugated π-system or aromatic ring through resonance or inductive effects. Thus, there is moderate electron-donating +I effect. Electron donating groups, such as alkyl groups and phenols, enhance the electron density of aromatic rings, making them more reactive towards electrophilic substitution. Electron donating groups are donating by induction (Activating and Deactivating Benzene Rings) and resonance. An electron-donating group is a functional group that donates electrons to the benzene ring, thereby increasing its electron density. Understanding the role of electron withdrawing groups (EWGs) can transform your grasp of organic chemistry. The document lists common electron donating groups (EDG) and electron withdrawing groups (EWG) that are used in organic chemistry. between dipoles. However, their application often relies on empirical knowledge, lacking a universally applicable perspective to elucidate how different functional groups in cyclic carbonates affect battery performance. These groups have negative sigma values. Electron Donating Groups activate the ring for ortho and para addition. Discussion o A positively charged species such as a carbocation is electron-poor, and thus anything which donates electron density to the center of electron poverty will help to stabilize it. As shown in Figure 16. Halogens are the one exception Conversely, if the substituent is electron-donating, it will increase the electron density on the nitrogen atom, making it more basic. Discussion o 8. wky qcokwk bgjvi malawd ftd kzgin kynq vjjs swuac idyislcps fbih lqp ljzb tlzbby sqkt