Gqrx limesdr PINE64 › Pinebook Pro › Pinebook Pro Tutorials › SDR-Overview (HackRF, rad1o, PlutoSDR, rtl-sdr, LimeSDR, AirSpy) Thread Closed Thread Closed View a Printable Version Nov 29, 2024 · New: PlutoSDR and LimeSDR support in AppImage release, via SoapySDR. BUT GQRX doesn't show it, no connections Gqrx uses the gr-osmosdr library as input source and supports the SDR hardware listed below. message } 很久没有写 blog 了,本来想按照顺序记录用 matlab 处理 This repository holds cross-platform installers for a collection of open source software radio packages bundled with the conda package manager, including Digital RF GNU Radio (including an increasing list of out-of-tree modules) gqrx inspectrum and support for the following SDR devices and device libraries: linux raspberry-pi sdr gnuradio gqrx airspy rtlsdr sdrplay limesdr plutosdr airspyhf sdr-linux-distro Updated on Jan 25, 2024 Shell Can't get GQRX to see the LimeSDR mini, I can see the LimeSDR with LimeSuiteGUI and SoapySDRUtil --find works. Mar 14, 2018 · Over on Hackaday author Jenny List has today posted a review of the LimeSDR Mini. I've also been rocking the LimeSDR Mini for a while. LimeSDR USB uses gqrx to listen to FM radio, Programmer Sought, the best programmer technical posts sharing site. 5k次,点赞2次,收藏28次。本文将详细介绍在Ubuntu下如何搭建配置LimeSDR及LimeSDR Mini的软件环境,以及使用LimeSuite、Gqrx软件。_ubuntu limesdr Dec 20, 2019 · On board the Raspbian-based OS image are SDR Angel, Soapy Remote, GQRX, GNURadio, LimeUtil, and LimeVNA. The software situation is just a general shitshow across all platforms. Feb 19, 2017 · I've compiled SoapySDR, LimeSuiteGUI and gqrx on a Kali Linux (Lenovo laptop) I had a coupple of issuses getting it to complie. SDR software works in conjunction with radio hardware to provide a flexible and versatile platform for a wide range of radio communication tasks, including signal analysis, demodulation, and spectrum monitoring. Now, we will see how to setup gnuradio, gr-limesdr and gqrx. This repository holds cross-platform installers for a collection of open source software radio packages bundled with the conda package manager, including Digital RF GNU Radio (including an increasing list of out-of-tree modules) gqrx inspectrum and support for the following SDR devices and device libraries: Pothos SDR (inkl. In the review Jenny goes over the specs and differences between the Mini and standard LimeSDR. Example on Decoding RF. May 9, 2024 · 文章浏览阅读9. The testing was performed by Alexandru Csete (@csete) who is the programmer behind GQRX and Gpredict and Sheila Windows 系统(不推荐) 几乎全部 exe 一键傻瓜式安装了,没啥好说的。Windows 唯一的优点就是图形界面看着舒服一点… LimeSDR-USB 驱动安装 LimeSuite 下载 SDR-Radio :可以用来听 FM 广播之类的。 PothosSDR 全套:这个集成了很多工具套件,对 Windows 用户很友好。 应用实践 LimeSDR 硬件功能测试 拿到板子,搭建 Aug 15, 2018 · SoapySDR 是位于 LimeSDR 的驱动程序和 SDR 应用程序之间的胶水层。 使用一个简单的包装器 (SoapyLMS7), LimeSDR 可以在任何 SoapySDR 或 Gr-OsmoSDR 支持的应用程序中使用。这包括编程环境, 如 Pothos 框架和 GNU Radio,以及像 GQRX 和 CubicSDR 这样的图形应用程序。 安装UHD Feb 4, 2020 · i have run gqrx and limesdr few days ago. com/pothosware LimeSDR USB uses gqrx to listen to FM radio, Programmer Sought, the best programmer technical posts sharing site. 5 Msps(自动设置 2^5 的抽取),然后停止 GQRX 并检查 LimeSuiteGUI 中的配置得出这个结论的。 这种方法有效是因为 GQRX 停止运行的时候不会清除配置。 在 LimeSuiteGUI 中的关键配置如下: May 9, 2024 · 本文将详细介绍在windows下如何使用Gqrx软件来接收FM广播。 一、外壳安装、天线转接线和天线安装、USB线连接 【注意测试的时候一定要安装上4根天线来测试! Mar 12, 2017 · When you enter a value into the ppm box gqrx just closes All built from Git I was highlighting 0 and hit any number what was seen in terminal INFO] SoapyLMS7::setFrequency(Rx, 0, RF, 4. From the price and specs, we consider it to be a potential next generation HackRF type device which will have vastly improved RX performance. 44 MHz bandwidth. 查看FFT波形,点击功能栏的‘Modules->FFTviewer’,在弹出界面中的‘data reading’处点击start按钮即可看到接收信号波形。 三、LimeSDR Mini用gqrx来接收FM广播 假设你的Ubuntu中已正确安装了Gqrx,打开Gqrx后,点击 如下设置, 其中,Antenna处可以选择LNAW也可以选择LNAH。 May 19, 2025 · Hi & thanks for the nice work! I'm having issues with the LimeSDR Mini key in DragonOS Noble R2 running bare metal on a live persistent USB. 7, but Gqrx wants to install libsoapysdr0. The one without "USB 3. More videos are available on his channel if you are interested. Any tips on getting gqrx working with LimeSDR? Here is what I get, when I select the LimeSDR-mini from the device list. She then goes on to test it in GQRX, receiving a DAB digital radio signal, and LimeSDR is an USB SDR device with full OpenSource software support. DSD from GQRX: # Pipe the GQRX to std input . zip 目录 一、安装前的准备工作 1、树莓派更换阿里 80MHz bandwidth with LimeSDR-Mini and GQRX. Jul 16, 2024 · 我是通过在 GQRX 中将 LimeSDR 设置为 2. Contribute to gasparka/spectrogram development by creating an account on GitHub. New: Airspy support in Windows binary release. All in all, compiling LimeSDR’s software stack is fairly straight forward. 1. 8 on Feb 6, 2018 · No comments by: Jenny List February 6, 2018 ← Review: LimeSDR Mini Software Defined Radio Transceiver Harvey Mudd CollegeInstalling the necessary software GNU Radio is a free, open-source radio ecosystem that runs primarily on Linux systems, although there are versions compiled for other operating systems. 0 ; 4 x Tx 发射天线接口 6 x Rx 接收天线接口; 可用于Wi-Fi, GSM, UMTS, LTE, LoRa, Bluetooth, Zigbee, RFID等开发测试环境中。 Aug 23, 2018 · At the computer you'll be transmitting with, connect your LimeSDR Mini to an antenna and click the green play button at the top. Now that SDR-Console has added support for the LimeSDR and HF reception, Marty has uploaded two new videos showing it in action. Mar 30, 2020 · Librespace, who are the people behind the open hardware/source SatNOGS satellite ground station project have recently released a comprehensive paper (pdf) that compares multiple software defined radios available on the market in a realistic laboratory based signal environment. grc file GQRX is a GUI, based on GNURadio for frequency analysis Allows for: Analyzing a captured signal Performing demodulation Extracting data from signals Reversing unknown protocols, and more Advanced usage Audio processing Mobile communication analysis Flight and satellite tracking Sep 9, 2018 · While trying to diagnose the problem by adjusting the config settings in GQRX, on the fourth time the board shutdown it became none responsive to GQRX. COM LimeSDR-USB is supported by the Pothos ware. Oneline P25 Listening: Frequency: 400-406 MHz. As I noted on the GQRX GNURadio Companion is the GUI version Save workspace as a . 0" in the device name (driver=limesuiteng in the log below) don't cause crash but does Spectrum analyzer for multiple SDR platforms (PyQtGraph based GUI for soapy_power, hackrf_sweep, rtl_power, rx_power and other backends) - xmikos/qspectrumanalyzer Dec 29, 2018 · The image one is perfect and run out of the box, as you said. Sep 9, 2023 · 在树莓派下通过 C 直接使用 Hackrf 系列 - 树莓派环境搭建. You must know that Ubuntu-20. Noting how, thanks to Josh's work on the driver, this was simply a matter of configuring appropriate sample rate and bandwidth settings. It worked for the rtl-sdr but also crash for the limesdr-mini Apr 13, 2017 · 0x00 概览 LimeSDR部分特性: USB 3. 10 on Ubuntu 22. Let’s proceed further. 0 was released, and this new version Jul 10, 2018 · LimeSDR-USB has two receivers and two transmitters. Everything is preinstalled and configured to test at least SMS message between Aug 3, 2025 · 本文介绍了如何使用LimeSDR USB设备配合gqrx软件来收听FM广播。首先确认LimeSDR驱动和SoapySDR支持已安装并正常工作,然后检查gnuradio和gr-osmosdr是否安装正确。通过调整RF增益、IF中频增益和BB基带增益来优化接收效果。在设置正确的天线参数后,运行gqrx并定位到FM频段,最终成功接收到广播信号。作者还 Lime Suite is a collection of software supporting several hardware platforms including the LimeSDR, drivers for the LMS7002M transceiver RFIC, and other tools for developing with LMS7-based hardware. This will save the data in raw IQ float32 format, where the data is stored IQIQIQ etc with each value being a float32 linux raspberry-pi sdr gnuradio gqrx airspy rtlsdr sdrplay limesdr plutosdr airspyhf sdr-linux-distro Readme View license Activity Apr 27, 2020 · GQRX is a general purpose GUI based SDR program that is typically used most often on Linux and Mac computers, however it is still possible to install and use it on Windows. Any inputs on how I can get this working!? Harvey Mudd CollegeInstalling the necessary software GNU Radio is a free, open-source radio ecosystem that runs primarily on Linux systems, although there are versions compiled for other operating systems. 44 Ms/s. All source installed software is located in the /usr/src directory while the remaining software was installed by package managers. 8 on LimeSDR setup with GNURadio, gr-limesdr and GQRX on Ubuntu-20. Oct 21, 2020 · ### Remote usage Pair your LimeSDR-Mini with RaspberryPi and execute `spectrogram --server_only` - this sets up a SoapySDR-Remote server. LimeSDR-Mini is a lower cost version of LimeSDR-USB with one receiver and one transmitter. I want to interface a LimeSDR with GQRX. 10 and built from source earlier today. ## MISC Jan 8, 2018 · Rationale Generally speaking, building from source offers one key advantage: it is the only way to test the latest features offered by the community. Sep 10, 2018 · 四、Windows测试LimeSDR Gqrx接收FM 安装完 PothoSDR development environment之后,您的桌面上会出现如下几个软件的快捷方式,双击打开GQRX SDR的快捷方式,并点击红框中的设备按钮,界面如下: Alexandru Csete takes us through his first experiences with LimeSDR and getting it to work with the popular SDR receiver application, Gqrx. Moreover, if you intend to develop or fix bugs (or even help the community fix bugs), you will need to have a working and up-to-date software environment. At the time of this post the LimeSDR is currently 60% funded, with 29 days left to go. Explore radio frequencies, decode signals, and optimize your setup with Lime Suite is a collection of software supporting several hardware platforms including the LimeSDR, drivers for the LMS7002M transceiver RFIC, and other tools for developing with LMS7-based hardware. In 2022, we run GNURadio 3. It shows device = 0. If somehow your GQRX software stopped working (despite correct settings), run terminal (command line) and start gqrx -r (on Windows you have to cd Jul 13, 2017 · Ok, So now the GQRX seems to work fine but does not generate any waterfall. 04 -Part-1 Read more… May 23, 2016 · The LimeSDR is a new SDR $299 USD currently seeking crowdfunding over on CrowdSupply. Improved: Updated GNU Radio, SDR driver, and Qt versions in AppImage release. 8. Next, on the monitoring device, execute spectrogram - this scans for remote devices and opens GQRX if one is found. Maybe it would be a good idea, to add a channel selection option in the input configuration panel? Presentation of different SDR boards for radio hacking: HackRF One, LimeSDR, USRP, RTL-SDR Hacking with SDR Technology Presentation of the Radio Penetration Testing Methodology Exploration of different tools for radio penetration testing: GQRX, GNU Radio, Universal Radio Hacker, etc. LimeSDR-USB supports USB 3. Nov 29, 2024 · New: PlutoSDR and LimeSDR support in AppImage release, via SoapySDR. Fixed: Limit UDP packet size to 1024, for compatibility with netcat. Works with an rtl-sdr but crash with my limesdr mini (probably an other problem) I also tried your recommendation: installed gr-osmosdr-git and gqrx-git from aur but it is still really slow to start. This provides a well-equipped toolbox under Windows, including the LimeSDR Suite for hardware diagnosis and configuration. But when running them again, there is always the eroor:gqrx exited with an exception: soapy_source_c::set_iq_balance_mode () not supported More information can be found by launching it from the co Feb 7, 2020 · I have a LimeSDR-mini and it works fine with gnuradio and pothos; but I wanted to try gqrx. In the videos he uses GQRX and his own KN0CK HF Dec 18, 2019 · PiSDR is a Raspberry Pi distribution that is pre-loaded with multiple programs for various software defined radios. Sep 19, 2016 · Back in August we posted how they had added HF functionality to their drivers, and posted some videos from LimeSDR beta tester Marty Wittrock who had gotten HF working well in GQRX. Its ability to both transmit and receive, decent bandwidth, small form factor, and a reasonable price tag make it a very attractive device for experimentation. 8 GHz frequency range, 12-bit ADC and 61. Gqrx uses the gr-osmosdr library as input source and supports the SDR hardware listed below. Mar 31, 2025 · I also tested using the LimeSDR Mini in gqrx using the magic string of "driver=lime,soapy=0,nchan=1" as the driver and it now works correctly! I can change the target frequency without having to exit and re-open the program. GQRX Running on Windows 10 via WSL Written by admin Posted in Other Tagged with gqrx, virtual machine, windows 10, Windows Subsystem For Linux, WSL Quick/dirty way to get the LimeSDR with Gnuradio & GQRX up and running on Virtualbox/OSX - shebang42/LimeSDR-vagrant Apr 22, 2022 · 本文内容、开发板及配件仅限用于学校或科研院所开展科研实验! 温馨提示:“开源SDR实验室”是北京的。 本文介绍 树莓派 中安装HackRF、LimeSDR、GNU Radio、Gqrx等常见SDR软件的方法,持续更新中。 硬件: 树莓派4B 系统:2021-01-11-raspios- buster -armhf-full. I finally got it to compile, gqrx finds the LimeSDR-USB, but it crash Installing LimeSDR on OSX worked fine, but trying to get GNURadio and GQRX working was a nightmare. May 9, 2024 · 文章浏览阅读2. It displays Limesdr in its device list but I think it is not able to make a connection to it. . LimeSDR USB 使用gqrx来收听FM广播,灰信网,软件开发博客聚合,程序员专属的优秀博客文章阅读平台。 Sep 4, 2020 · LimeSDR with Acrylic Case Hope you had a smooth installation setup for LimeSDR. Pothosware ecosystem The following diagram is a partial overview of how Pothosware projects fit into the larger open-source SDR ecosystem. In hardware terms the RTL-SDR is supported, along with the LimeSDR, PlutoSDR, Airspy, and May 23, 2016 · First tests of the LimeSDR with GQRX May 23, 2016 limesdr_gqrx_FO29_20160501_105317 LimeSDR receiving the FO-29 satellite on GQRX. Feb 22, 2019 · The LimeSDR Mini is a newer product from the MyriadRF line of SDRs. [DONE] source port portsnap and binary package pkg available for everyone. Network bandwidth will be around 1 MB/s. For those, who haven’t checked how to setup LimeSDR, here is PART-1. In the first video Marty shows it receiving the USB voice on the 20m band during the 2016 ARRL field day. Jan 27, 2025 · Turn your Raspberry Pi into a powerful SDR platform with CaribouLite. It is barely a Jul 1, 2016 · Over on YouTube LimeSDR beta tester Marty Wittrock has uploaded several videos showing the LimeSDR receiving HF frequencies. Over on YouTube M Khanfar has uploaded a tutorial video that shows a step by step guide on how to get GQRX running on Windows 10. 4057 Apr 12, 2021 · 使用一个简单的包装器 (SoapyLMS7), LimeSDR 可以在任何 SoapySDR 或 Gr-OsmoSDR 支持的应用程序中使用。这包括编程环境, 如 Pothos 框架和 GNU Radio,以及像 GQRX 和 CubicSDR 这样的图形应用程序。 How to setup a GSM basestation using DragonOS Focal PublicR1 (available once I get it uploaded) and a LimeSDR mini. CubicSDR, GnuRadioCompanion GRC, Gqrx, LimeSDR Suite7, Pothos, Zadig) vs HackRF One & RedPitaya SDR Win7@Thinkpad github. From the price and specs, we consider it to be a potential next generation HackRF type device which will Dec 2, 2022 · I'm using GQRX over soapy, with LimeSDR, which has 2 input channels and I'm only able to use one of them. (Italics) means that it the hardware has not been tested by Gqrx developers due to lack of hardware. Next, on the monitoring device, execute `spectrogram` - this scans for remote devices and opens GQRX if one is found. Sep 18, 2018 · However, given my past experience with other dongles, moderate Linux skills and lots of patience, I was able to get the unit running on an Ubuntu virtual machine with Gqrx and GNU Radio. It supports SDRs like the RTL-SDR, HackRF and LimeSDR. Installing the Lime Suite enables many SDR applications such as GQRX to work with supported hardware through the bundled SoapySDR support module. Forked from gasparka/spectrogram 80MHz bandwidth with LimeSDR-Mini and GQRX Python Jul 2, 2024 · Software Defined Radio (SDR) software is a type of application that processes and interprets radio signals using software rather than traditional hardware components. The LimeSDR Mini is a US$139 TX/RX capable SDR that was successfully crowd funded and has recently begun shipping to initial backers. This has the backing of over 5,000 developers. The second video shows reception of PSK31 signals. 04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish). Pair your LimeSDR-Mini with RaspberryPi and execute spectrogram --server_only - this sets up a SoapySDR-Remote server. Sep 4, 2020 · GQRX: Gqrx is an open-source software-defined radio receiver (SDR) powered by the GNU Radio and the Qt graphical toolkit. 6 MHz and up can be used for manual setting 60 MHz is used for HF below 30 MHz Below 3. GQRX and GNURadio installation on Fedora 25 worked fine, but there was zero support for building LimeSDR and Soapy on Fedora. DragonOS Focal PublicR1 LimeSDR GSM BTS (GQRX, SDRAngel, SigDigger, srsLTE, Crocodile Hunter) cemaxecuter • 3K views • 4 years ago Feb 19, 2017 · 0 MHz selects auto 3. The currently pre-installed software packages include SDR Angel, Soapy Remote, GQRX, GNURadio, LimeUtil, and LimeVNA. I'm running Ubuntu 19. We asked for a look at the progress of LimeSDR project: A little over a year ago we launched the LimeSDR campaign. radioconda - for GNURadioradioconda This repository holds cross-platform installers for a collection of open source software radio packages bundled with the conda package manager, including Digital RF GNU Radio gqrx gr-satellites and support for the following SDR devices and device libraries: About DragonOS DragonOS is a Debian Linux based operating system which comes with many open source software defined radio programs pre-installed. {: . We bundle as much as we can into a single installer, pulling in not just Pothos and SoapySDR projects, but other big frameworks and applications such as GNU Radio, GQRX, and CubicSDR. The project has since grown, bringing with it carrier SoapySDR 是位于 LimeSDR 的驱动程序和 SDR 应用程序之间的胶水层。使用一个简单的包装器 (SoapyLMS7), LimeSDR 可以在任何 SoapySDR 或 Gr-OsmoSDR 支持的应用程序中使用。这包括编程环境, 如 Pothos 框架和 GNU Radio,以及像 GQRX 和 CubicSDR 这样的图形应用程序。 Aug 14, 2019 · With the "Pothos SDR dev dev enviroment" we have a good basic package allowing us to install GNUradio/GRC/OsmoSDR, GQRX and CubicSDR with the necessary plugins for the LimeSDR Mini. Aug 14, 2017 · Настройка окружения Для взаимодействия с LimeSDR нам понадобится специализированный софт, такой, как Gqrx и GNU Radio (см далее). LimeSDR-Mini is $149 and starts shipping in July 2018 LimeSDR-Mini comparison table at RTL-SDR. К сожалению, из коробки они так просто не будут работать с LimeSDR. The steps I took to get there are outlined below. 0" in the device name (driver=lime in the log below) make the program crash. 6 MHz throws an exception and gqrx crashes. I agree with pretty much everything in the review here. However, I do have a few additions/comments: Software compatibility: While a lot of apps are written specifically for the rtl-sdr driver, there are quite a few that use SoapySDR drivers. Gqrx uses the gr-osmosdr library as input source and supports the SDR hardware listed below. [SOLUTION] GQRX SDR not working / no FFT display. 5w次,点赞5次,收藏44次。本文内容、开发板及配件仅限用于学校或科研院所开展科研实验!由于有客户拿到HackRF后用Gqrx来听FM广播的时候,一开始可能会碰到无法听到声音的情况,因此,本文将简单明了的介绍一下用HackRF来听FM的操作步骤。前提假设您已经在电脑中安装配置好了HackRF Gqrx has a "Record and play I/Q" option on the toolbar. These are the actions that you can perform using gqrx. It has Lime Microsystems LMS7002M RF-transreceiver and Altera Cyclone IV EP4CE40F23 FPGA on board. 0 and runs up to 61. Show all details Hide all details Debian Hamradio Software Defined Radio packages Debian Hamradio Software Defined Radio Packages This metapackage will install packages useful when using Software-Defined Radio with Debian. I've tried lower sample rates than the default 5m, but everything seems Mar 13, 2018 · Reading GQRX with different front ends is an inexact and even slightly meaningless way to take measurements, but with all-automatic AGC, the RTL has a -60 dB noise floor and the LimeSDR has one Jan 27, 2025 · LimeSDR 是一款功能强大的软件定义无线电(SDR)平台,它为无线电通信提供了极大的灵活性。对于使用 Ubuntu 的用户来说,安装和配置 LimeSDR 可能会有些挑战,但只要按照正确的步骤操作,就能轻松实现。本文将详细介绍如何在 Ubuntu 系统上安装 LimeSDR,包括硬件连接、驱动安装、软件配置等步骤 Feb 13, 2018 · The LimeSDR Project Last month Lime presented at the GNU Radio Conference in San Diego and launched its follow up to the LimeSDR – a smaller, $139 software defined radio board. The result should be clear FM audio. Gqrx lists two devices: The one with "USB 3. May 23, 2016 · The LimeSDR is a RX/TX capable device, with a 100 kHz – 3. For whatever reason, I had a ton of trouble figuring out how to get my LimeSDR set up on my Windows 10 machine, now that I’ve finally got the time to dig into it. # Play Audio from the pipe . Fixed: Respond correctly to pipelined remote control commands. SDR++ crash at start. Recently version 3. decoding, monitoring, recording and streaming trunked mobile and related radio protocols using Software Defined Radios (SDR). STEP-4 : Installing GNURadio sudo apt install gnuradio gnuradio-dev This will install the latest gnuadio which is gnuradio-3. All the official “gett… May 9, 2024 · 的原文】,所以现在在某些FM频段内使用nW功率级别的“MP3发射器”是合法的,因此从理论上讲,在法律范围内可以将LimeSDR作为FM发射器来使用。 二、GQRX/SDR Console 使用SDR设备并启动相关应用程序时,几乎都要像GQRX或SDR Console一样来调整一下SDR设备的一些设置。 Feb 10, 2020 · This means that only programs that accept rtl_tcp as an input, or demodulated audio from a program like GQRX can be used. It currently supports RTL-SDR, LimeSDR, PlutoSDR, Airspy, and as of the most recent update the Airspy HF+. I now get a core dump from GQRX every time I run with the BladeRF Sep 10, 2018 · 4. In this post we Mar 7, 2011 · I think I noticed where the problem lies - installation of soapysdr-module-lms7 from the myriadrf PPAs pulls in libsoapysdr0. The LimeSDR is a RX/TX capable device, with a 100 kHz – 3. After installing, run sudo apt-get install gnuradio rtl-sdr gqrx-sdr soapysdr-module-all In 2021, we ran GNURadio 3. 6 and corresponding modules. Here is a short capture of the spectrum around 1770Mhz ( mobile to tower ) while downloading something from my 4G phone (Bouygues Telecom)Impressive, isn't it ? x64dbg 是一个开源的Windows二进制调试器,旨在进行恶意软件分析和你没有源代码的可执行文件的逆向工程。有许多可用的功能和一个全面的插件系统来添加你自己的功能 LimeSuite FreeBSD Port. Removed: FreeSRP support in AppImage release. dok wbpn fqpz jlhqo kreox obm ilie pkpvmm agnla wvnge yqcpjt tcifzwhw zpdcf eblpq weeskx