How to create point shapefile in qgis. 3 I have two shapefiles: points and polygons.

How to create point shapefile in qgis Welcome, In this video you will learn how to add XY coordinates to your point shapefile. Jul 11, 2022 · In this video tutorial i will show you how to create point, line and polygon layers in QGIS and Digitize then easily. Until next time. Create a Shapefile in ArcGIS & QGIS In this Tutorial learn, how to create a Shapefiles or Vector file in ArcGIS and QGIS software. I would like to know how can I create automatically a vector file for each one. 5 hours of video instruction. Sep 5, 2024 · Step-by-Step Guide to Drawing Shapes in QGIS Drawing shapes in QGIS may seem daunting at first, but with the right steps, you can easily create points, lines, and polygons in your projects. This video explains on how to create a point layer i and Create points within the layer in QGIS 3. Introduction In this tutorial, we have shown how to create a shapefile in QGIS especially for Beginners in 2021 with the latest stable version. If I try to add separate columns in the attr I've got a layer in QGIS that is comprised of points. May 25, 2021 · In this post, we explained how to import points in CSV format to QGIS to create a point shapefile, Similarly we can import points in CSV format with easting/northing or longitude/latitude coordinates to create line or polygon shapefiles. 22082767, -97. Feb 7, 2023 · "Learn the process of digitizing in QGIS, including how to create polyggon features, convert points, lines, or raster data into polygon data, buffer points or lines, and edit polygon vertices. In few moments, your new Shapefile should be ready. Steps to create a new shapefile layer on QGIS QGIS supports three types of features. 8326489, 46. This video will be followed by a lot of QGIS Basic Vi Jun 12, 2025 · Learn how to use shapefiles in QGIS step by step with this beginner-friendly guide. This course will teach you how to find geographic data and use QGIS to display those data. How to do this? Feb 2, 2021 · Each point is numbered in a separate field and each polygon is numbered in a separate field. This comprehensive guide will help you to digitize your maps and bring your spatial data into the digital world. Use the Create Points from table processing tool to import your columns of data. 1) A very common operation with line shapefiles is the buffer, which allows to create an area within a specified distance from features. 5m distance between the point and the line). This guide explains how to transform CSV data into a Shapefile (SHP) using QGIS Desktop software. how to create point shapefile using coordinates in qgisqgis,how to create line from points in qgis,how to create conturs by elevation points using qgis,how t Jul 25, 2019 · Specify the file name, Geometry type, projections Add new fields as necessary Click OK Create a new shapefile layer on QGIS Once you click OK, you should see your new shapefile layer shown in the QGIS layer list on the left. Follow our step-by-step tutorial for beginners to master the basics of shapefile creation. There are many locations of study that do May 20, 2015 · drag-drop an Excel XLSX file onto the layer widget double click tool QGIS geoalgorithms\Vector creation tools\Point layer from Table, choose the new layer as Input layer and specify the columns representing X- and Y-field, run the process Two steps using current QGIS versions. 22. I would like to know how can I create a bounding box from that shapefile to create/clip images around that points to train a m Apr 28, 2022 · To create a new polyline in QGIS: Layer > New shapefile layer Select line as geometry and set the name for the layer, e. Mar 26, 2025 · (QGIS) Accessing the Centroids tool and reviewing its parameters; Running the tool with an example to create points from polygon features. Do you have point coordinates of an area (e. The problem is - there are some points in one cell during conversion, and some values are missed. 22096573 This video tutorial is to show you how to create point, line, and polygon shapefiles from XY coordinate Excel data using QGIS. I am aware of how to do it using ArcGIS Desktop - see Exporting feature class into multiple feature classes based on field values using ArcGIS Desktop? How do I do it using QGIS? 3. Thank you for reading this article and please leave us comments if there is something you don’t understand about this How to export Mar 11, 2024 · Explore the intricacies of converting polygon geometries to points in QGIS with our comprehensive guide. Thank you. 6. 11. Feb 12, 2021 · Let us create a point, line, and polygon in QGIS. Its attribute table doesn't have (show) the corresponding x and y coordinates for each point. Recently, I went into the field with an app for smartphones called 'SW Maps' that I used to create some basic layers for lines and points. No prior GIS experience is required. The nodes of the line will receive the attributes May 17, 2015 · Learn how to label features and set map transparency in QGIS using Python from this section as part of this preview chapter, Creating Dynamic Maps from QGIS Python Programming CookBook. Is there a way in QGIS to generate these shapefiles Converting latitude longitude to point layer in qgis? My colleague gave me this document and wanted me to create a shapefile using it. How do I convert a Shapefile to a GCP (. Dec 6, 2016 · I'm working with QGIS, and I want to create a shapefile with the elevation coordinate, I can't find something similar to what I was used to do in ArcGIS, can you help me? Apr 10, 2017 · I have a point shapefile that has data for application rate, distance travelled, and swath width. Here we will learn how to plot coordinates directly on basemap opened in QGIS and also create point layers (shape file) of desired number of coordinates. QGIS is best for doing this. 22096573, -97. I created a raster-layer from the shapefile and used the contour-tool to create level-contours. QGIS; How To Create Shapefile [Point - Line - Polygon] TechTips 51 subscribers Subscribed Nov 23, 2014 · How i create a new point shapefile from CSV table? If i have a CSV file with a latitude and longitude fields, is there a method for to have in output a puntal shapefile? A shapefile is a vector data format used to store geographic features. Converting latitude longitude to point layer in qgis? My colleague gave me this document and wanted me to create a shapefile using it. We’ll also use real-world data to practice: download free USA shapefiles from this dedicated post and follow along. ------ QGIS is a powerful, free software used to create, analyze, and display geographic data. Is there a tool in QGIS? Convex hull is not detailed enough. Go to Raster | Conversion | Rasterize. In this video you will learn how to create point data and digitize in QGIS. This tutorial will show you how to create a shapefile using a GIS software. We can add latitude and longitude data in simple steps outlined below: Import the data sets into Q-GIS Aug 26, 2019 · I would prefer not to manually reassign all the control points. Several . To create a buffer, click on Vector->Geoprocessing Tools->Buffer and specify the input parameters as follows: Input layer: the roads_clip layer Distance: the desired distance (in our Apr 30, 2020 · If I use the 'Add coordinates to point' it adds the coordinates to in the file, however splits the data into the amount of objects in the original file. Conclusion QGIS offers a simple way to convert existing vector layer to ESRI Shapefile format. STEP 1: Start the import process using "Layer" >> "Add Layer" >> "Add Delimited Text Layer". Select “OK”. 82830084, 46. I thought the "Intersect" function was the best option to deal with this, but actually it seems that it is implemented to intersect only polygons with polygons. Go to Layer > Create Layer > New Shapefile Layer. Jan 30, 2021 · In this tutorial, we’ll walk through how to create a shapefile from scratch with the QGIS Python (PyQGIS) API. 🌍 3 I have two shapefiles: points and polygons. We will be using QGIS, but the steps are similar for other GIS software. We’ll utilize the widely adopted vector shapefile format to establish this new layer. Jun 12, 2025 · In this beginner-friendly guide, you’ll learn everything you need, step by step. The nodes of the line will receive the attributes Sep 5, 2024 · Step-by-Step Guide to Drawing Shapes in QGIS Drawing shapes in QGIS may seem daunting at first, but with the right steps, you can easily create points, lines, and polygons in your projects. Each row in the CSV typically Nov 20, 2018 · I am using QGIS 3. Oct 23, 2025 · The Data Source Manager dialog (Fig. Your “Point” type is already selected. g. In this video you will learn how to edit point, line and polygon layers in QGIS. This video shows how to split a shapefiles by attributes into separated shapefiles#qgis #Polygonization #qgistutorials #polygonsToPointsCreating Polygons from Point Data in QGIS In this video, you'll learn how to create shapefiles in QGIS, a powerful open-source GIS software. In another software package it can show the points as shown. To do this, you must create a new layer. points) file? If that is not possible, how do I create a GCP (. Mar 15, 2023 · Discover how to convert CSV data to shapefiles using QGIS and Python, including point, line, and polygon data, while addressing common issues and automating the process for maximum efficiency. After finishing this task with some googling, I believe it will be great to write a learning note of how to use the powerful QGIS Expressions to create geometries. geometry import Polygon # Make a list of latitudes and longitudes of the four points # the fifth point is the first point to make last edge of polygon go back to start lat_point_list = [46. Jun 20, 2016 · How can I create a 3D shapefile containing line features or point features? I have to extract the elevations from a DEM and then export a shapefile containing 3D features. 21021166, -97. Mar 23, 2023 · Explore the process of generating random points in QGIS, including creating points within polygons, using attributes or expressions, and ensuring reproducibility. 🌍 3. We have shown how to create point shapefile, line QGIS can import an Excel spreadsheet. Creating a point feature along a line in QGIS can be achieved using the "Points along Geometry" tool. Useful Lin In this video, you'll learn how to create shapefiles in QGIS, a powerful open-source GIS software. Convert your XY coordinate from GPS data or excel file to point shapefile with QGIS. IMPORTANT: The data in CSV format must contain longitude and latitude columns to make the proper georeference mapping. I am using QGIS 3. I want to create a shapefile (rectangle) in QGIS, but am very new to the program and following all the guides I ca Hi there!In this video you will learn how to create a points shapefile from XY coordinates Excel data using QGIS. , finishing each with a right click which opens a box to add information to the attributes mentioned above in 2. Create a Shapefile layer QGIS To create a shapefile point file in QGIS with specific fields, follow these steps: Open a new QGIS project Click on the “Layer” menu Jul 10, 2018 · QGIS allows us to create new shapefile layer directly. 26. Central Washingto Watch the video and I will explain each of them to you Tags: qgis shapefile,how to create shapefile in qgis - shapefile,how to create shapefile in qgis 2. How can I make a new raster, which has the same properties (resolution, pixel size, data type, etc. Right-click your point layer → choose Toggle Editingor click the ️ pencil icon on the toolbar. This tutorial will guide you through the process of setting up layers, enabling editing, and saving your work effectively. com for more content and courses May 24, 2021 · Points in CSV (comma separate values) format with Northing/Easting or Longitude/Latitude can be imported to QGIS and then be saved as a point shapefile. For example, I have a topographic mapping data with Easting, Northing and Elevation information. Output options: A shapefile or KML file with vector features. From generating centroids and extracting vertices to creating multiple points within polygons, this blog post delves into various methods and tools available in QGIS for effective geometry conversion Is there any easy/practical way of adding one point to the shapefile each day, by using those coordinates? I didn't want to have to import a new csv to QGIS and create a new shapefile each day Aug 18, 2022 · Here is your answer: import geopandas as gpd from shapely. It is made of many points, and many overlap with each other. #QGIS #jastgis #linefeatureclass #pointFeature #PolygonFeature #shapefilesQGIS Create Shapefile || Shapefile Layer in QGIS|Create shapefiles Point - Line - Polygon Feb 7, 2023 · "Learn the process of digitizing in QGIS, including how to create polyggon features, convert points, lines, or raster data into polygon data, buffer points or lines, and edit polygon vertices. When we create a new shapefile, we need to choose from those three types of features: point, line, and polygon. This tool allows you to generate points at regular intervals along a line or polygon geometry. Is there a way for me to extract a list of coordi Jan 30, 2021 · January 30, 2021 QGIS is a wonderful, free, open source GIS tool that I like to use to make map visualizations. You can also right click and export your visualization as shapefiles. A New Shapefile Layer dialog box will appear which allows you to define the specifications for your new layer. Point shapefiles are essential in 48 I have a polyline shapefile with about 20 kinds of roads. Feb 2, 2015 · I want also to Create regularly spaced, defined # of points within polygon in QGIS, does exist any plugin for this? I could do it with an Arcgis's extension called ET GEOWIZARD (Uniform points in polygons) , but I need to do in QGIS!! Can you help me? In this video tutorial i will demonstrate you how to import excel file which contains latitude and longitude value to QGIS and how to convert the excel file Mar 7, 2022 · I want to add to my vector file layers with some points to show animals occurrences in Germany for different years. Jun 3, 2022 · In this video tutorial, you will learn how to create and digitize Point, Line, and Polygon shapefile layers from the existing data using QGIS 3. shp vector file and I need to convert them in . Shapefiles are widely used in GIS software. 21035054, -97. QGIS; How To Create Shapefile [Point - Line - Polygon] TechTips 51 subscribers Subscribed Nov 23, 2014 · How i create a new point shapefile from CSV table? If i have a CSV file with a latitude and longitude fields, is there a method for to have in output a puntal shapefile? Jan 30, 2021 · In this tutorial, we’ll walk through how to create a shapefile from scratch with the QGIS Python (PyQGIS) API. Create Shapefile in QGIS. Is there an easy way to do this? Jan 15, 2019 · I would like to create a layer that turns these points into a shapefile of catchment areas around each Population centre, similar to State or Local Government Area set of boundaries. So, let’s begin. Layer → Create Layer → New Shapefile Layer… The layer will be automatically added to the Layers panel and shown on the map canvas. In this short video, I described how to create a feature from google earth and convert same to a shapefile in QGIS. We'll create only one attribute as an example (line's name), and it will be string type: Now, click on the pencil icon at first and on the line icon afterwards: When you finish to draw, do a right-click, and you Oct 30, 2019 · This tutorial will guide you through the necessary steps to bring in a csv file with address data into QGIS and geocode it, generating a point shapefile. 2 and I need to create an area to form a polygon shapefile using latitude and longitude, not using Python as I am just a beginner. 1 QGIS Data Source Manager dialog Beside this main entry point, you also have the DB Manager plugin that offers advanced capabilities to analyze and manipulate connected databases. Nicholas Schuelke demonstrates how to load a comma-separated value (CSV) file of geographic points into QGIS and save it as a shapefile. It consists of a set of files that describe the geometry, attributes, and metadata of the features. In GIS, CSV files can be utilized to represent geographic data points with coordinates. The first shapefile we create is the “points” type and will pinpoint cities and settlements, some of which no longer exist. Is there a way in QGIS to generate these shapefiles Jan 13, 2023 · Buffers in QGIS If you’re looking to create geographical buffers in QGIS, you’ve come to the right place! In this guide, we’ll walk you through every step of creating buffers, what you need to think about and how to work with the results What is a buffer? In the GIS and geospatial context, a buffer refers to a zone or an area around a vector feature that is derived from a set distance or This is a special video tutorial series for absolute beginners in QGIS. I need to make a polygon shapefile out of these points so that those points that overlap or are c Jan 18, 2024 · Firstly, let’s generate the point file for this demonstration. Learn the importance of creating layers, step-by-step instructions for drawing lines, and the benefits of adding attributes to your geospatial data. This is a special video tutorial series for absolute beginners in QGIS. 1) offers a unified interface to open file-based data as well as databases or web services supported by QGIS. Leave “Type” as the default: “Text data”. test. d. 2. 18 qgis tutorial,qgis,create shapefile in Feb 7, 2019 · I have a BigTiff image and an associate point shapefile with features. Select Layer > New > New Shapefile Layer to create the new empty layer for your vector feature. 83248334, 46. Jul 1, 2021 · Tags: qgis create points - qgis tutorial (qgis)qgis tutorial for beginners qgis 3. The data is now in the form of shapefile. Is there a way to merge all the layers into one using QGIS? Apr 13, 2021 · I would like to create a few thousand points by clicking on specific points in my background map. toggle editing and add points, lines, etc. 1. But when I click on the map, QGIS always asks for a May 24, 2023 · A step by step guide to upload point, line and polygon custom layers to a Garmin GPS There are at least three main ways to upload shapefiles (*. points) file? What file formats can I use to create the required GCP (. This QGIS tutorial shows how to create multiple shapefile layers—Point, Line, and Polygon. I want to create a shapefile (rectangle) in QGIS, but am very new to the program and following all the guides I ca Jul 20, 2011 · How would I create a point shapefile which locates each of the points? Of course I would like to use QGIS, or GRASS and as a last resort I can get access to ArcGIS. Recently I needed to clip away parts of a shapefile so it would layer nicely over a tileset that only showed features north of 45°N. The reason I prefer this method instead of converting to shapefiles right away is this way you can preview your file before actually convert and save it to your disk, with potential errors. I know how to make QGIS show the poin Sep 14, 2020 · I made a point layer from each individual pixel's center. Jun 7, 2020 · Adding coordinates to the shapefile attribute data So, we have our data sets which comprises of Points, Lines and Polygons, but they all lack coordinates (Latitude & Longitude data). shp) GIS layers to a Garmin terrain GPS, they depend Sep 3, 2024 · Creating Lines from CSV Points Using QGIS This guide will walk you through the process of generating polylines from a CSV file containing point data. Select X (Longitude/Easting) and Y (Latitude/Norhting) and press OK In CRS window select CRS (for example WGS84) & Press OK In the Layers section select the recently imported layer right click and save as shapefile. You will also learn to create points, lines, and polygons that can be displayed on maps. In this video tutorial i will show How to create Point Shapefile / layer and Add Multiple Points to the layer. A point CSV file can also be imported to QGIS to created a line or polygon shapefile – refer to this post. Create CSV fileImport in QGISYour are done! You points are imported Mar 4, 2015 · Thanks - now I at least found and installed the PointsToPaths, but no combination of Point group field and Point order field seems to generate any data, what fields are needed here? Nov 29, 2016 · Convert your spreadsheet to CSV (comma separated values) using MS Office or OpenOffice Use QGIS text delimited layer plugin to import your xy data file. Enhance your spatial analysis skills and create meaningful spatial data for your projects. Step 1: Understanding the Need for a Host Layer In QGIS, drawing shapes like points Jun 28, 2016 · I have a point layer with multiple data points in QGIS, but I want to add some extra data points to it and adjust some info that we missed because the ground was wet and we needed to go around it. Aug 2, 2023 · Now we will create a new raster file from that shapefile. I have a tool for drawing circles and ellipses and rectangles squares and spirals. I have created a shapefile-layer for this task. Suppose there is a CSV file generated by field SUE (subsurface utility engineering) work to show test hole northing/easting, pipe This video explains how to create point in Qgis with the coordinates you have from survey. Navigate to Layer Create Layer New Shapefile Layer. The QGIS for Beginners course contains 45 lessons and over 4. In simple i will create a single point shapefile and Add Multiple locations within A very quick guide on how to create a shapefile in QGIS along with the key points you need to check while doing it. What is a Shapefile? A shapefile Aug 23, 2022 · This tutorial demonstrated how to display geographic points in QGIS from an Excel file or CSV file and how to save the resulting points in a geographic format for future use. Below there are steps on how to do this using QGIS desktop software. 14 tutorial,qgis 3 qgis for beginners - qgis for absolute beginners - qgis beginner tutorial,qgis points - add Hi everyone, In this video I will show how to digitize directly from google earth and make point, line and polygon shapefile of different features using QGIS. Afterwards I want to export it to GeoJSON; but I'm reluctant to select each layer and export it manually. This could be done e. Jul 29, 2015 · I have a point cloud and need to process a very detailed boundary around the outer points. Take your first steps into the world How to Create Point Shapefile in ArcGIS Pro | Beginner’s Tutorial In this step-by-step tutorial, I will show you how to create a point shapefile in ArcGIS Pro. Step by step instructions for creating a point feature in Quantum GIS. by drawing a boundary between two points at the midpoint between those points. Boost your GIS skills today! Sep 21, 2018 · Select ESRI Shapefile on the Format and then give a name and location for the new shapefile. From the picture above, we can easily extract or generate point coordinates (X and Y) using QGIS. Then I made some calculation for all points and added it as new field. Learn to digitize each feature type and use the Split tool to divide a line feature. Jun 10, 2017 · I have some points in . QGIS supports several geometry types such as polygon, point, multipoint, and line. tab. Thanks for reading this on how to create a raster from points in QGIS. 2 software. Dr. Visit opensourceoptions. ) with the first raster, from those point values? Mar 27, 2023 · Explore various methods to convert point data to meaningful polygons in QGIS, including convex and concave hulls, Voronoi polygons, heatmaps, buffering, interpolation, and cluster analysis. Unlock the full potential of your geospatial data and improve your spatial analyses with these powerful techniques. The tutorial helps to convert CSV into SHP (shapefile). We also demonstrated on converting Excel file to CSV to ESRI Shapefile. Click OK when ready. We cover methods like manual entry, CSV import, Python scripting, and the Geometry by Expression tool. You’ll have to create a new shapefile point layer with a name field as well. ⏰Timestamps0:00 - Intro00:03 - Tutorial01:22 I've imported several shapefiles which where exported from a Mapinfo . Open the table in QGIS In order to create points from a table, make sure the table has the X and Y information. At this point, you can assign attributes to the line. Under the 'point layer' I have three different types of points (I know I should have separated them when I created the layers). 12 My boss gave me a small 3D-point-shapefile and asked me to make an DEM from it, which I should put together with an older DEM of the same site, which was made with Surfer. Mar 21, 2023 · Discover how to draw lines and add attributes in QGIS with our comprehensive guide. Note that in QGIS a buffer can be done also around point or polygon shapefiles. Jun 26, 2016 · Good day, There are situations when using point shapefile layer in QGIS that you just need to do one of these:- 1~ Plot/add just a point? 2~ Move a point? To Plot/add a new point or Move an existing point in QGIS within an existing point layer to a specific coordinate position, then you are reading the correct tutorial. edges of a plot of land) from which you want to create a polygon representation of your survey area? This tutorial shows you exactly how to create a Feb 22, 2022 · I have a point layer and need to draw a line passing through or in the vicinity of the points (up to 0. None of these let me state the centre point and the radius. Go to Layer | New Shapefile Layer Select the layer type Specify the projection Apr 16, 2020 · In the following article, I will show you how to extract coordinates (X and Y) from a spatial table (Shapefile). I know there are multiple similar questions but nothing works - convex hull crashes and minimum bounding geometry is too basic. Sep 16, 2020 · 30 I have a site and want to draw an indicative line in a 5km buffer around the centre of the site. Get a shapefile First, you need a shapefile. Strengths / weaknesses: QGIS is simple, free, open-source software Open the georeferenced image (Layer > Add Raster Layer) or WMS layer (Layer > Add WMS Layer) in QGIS. Unfortunately they seem to be lines instead of polygons. . Dec 13, 2020 · 1 I am very new to QGIS and have run into a problem dealing with shapefiles. Add a name field. Launch QGIS (Latest LTR version is recommended). Oct 23, 2018 · I have an excel sheet with UTM coordinates (Easting and Northing) for four points. I can load those points into QGIS easily but I cant convert them into distinct polygons. Shapefiles are a widely used vector GIS format that allow you to create all Feb 6, 2019 · Create points and add them to a new shapefile in this QGIS tutorial. Jul 18, 2022 · TL;DR I have a new task to generate lines from two points with the same attribute value. In this video, I'll show you how to create and edit shapefiles, including polygons, points, and lines, using QGIS. I want to know what points (not how many) fall inside each of the polygons of my MultiPolygon shapefile. Jul 25, 2019 · In this article, we are going to learn how to create a new shapefile in QGIS. It includes changing its colour, changing symbology and using an attribute as a label. Useful Lin In this video, learn how to create a shapefile using QGIS software. Understanding the Basics of CSV and GIS CSV, or Comma-Separated Values, is a common file format used for storing tabular data. Fig. points) file? My goal is to be able to load it into the Georeferencer. 82846637, 46. Here I show one way to accomplish this in QGIS. tif file with 1km x 1km resolution. Aug 4, 2018 · What we learn Open table in QGIS Create points from a table Steps to Create Points from a Table in QGIS Step 1. In addition, you will learn how to join point data to polygons aggregating it at a larger geographic level. (See 4. In the end, we will have something like this In order to create the raster, we need to use the tool called Rasterize (Vector to Raster). So I want to draw a circle with a radius of 5km. tab -files are imported resulting in 20+ layers. Usefu Nov 8, 2024 · I have a point shapefile in QGIS 3. May 6, 2024 · Utilizing QGIS for creating and managing point features with precision. This includes creating points, lines, and polygons. Discover how to load, view, and analyze GIS data effectively using free shapefiles. Thank you! Mar 8, 2016 · I'm trying to create a points in the middle of polylines. 2 Spatial random sampling with QGIS To create a spatial random sample in QGIS we will need the city’s administrative borders polygon. My problem is, qgis cannot read this kind of latitude logitude format? how can i use this kind of format do that i can create a point layer to shapefile. Basically we will extract x and y value of point data in QGIS. I have all the coordinates in a CSV file (see image attached) but when I want to Jan 8, 2017 · Then you have a visualization of your points. As you might known already, QGIS supports many kind of spatial files including shapefile. This course gives step-by-step 4. Create CSV fileImport in QGISYour are done! You points are imported Mar 4, 2015 · Thanks - now I at least found and installed the PointsToPaths, but no combination of Point group field and Point order field seems to generate any data, what fields are needed here? This video explains how to create point in Qgis with the coordinates you have from survey. 82846637] lon_point_list = [-97. kksjizc kqjev gtbg hxrdqx mlrypd oxku oecbhryv lvrm uqvygf wwm opbhr fpp dhojk ptk hgzn